Freikörperkultur ('free body culture') represented a return to nature and the elimination of shame.

Philosophically based movements, particularly in Germany, opposed the rise of industrialization. Acceptance of public nudity re-emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While the upper classes had turned clothing into fashion, those who could not afford otherwise continued to swim or bathe openly in natural bodies of water or frequent communal baths through the 19th century. However, in Japan, mixed-gender communal bathing was quite normal and commonplace until the Meiji Restoration. In Asia, public nudity has been viewed as a violation of social propriety rather than sin embarrassing rather than shameful. Although rediscovery of Greek ideals in the Renaissance restored the nude to symbolic meaning in art, by the Victorian era, public nakedness was considered obscene. In the Western world, with the spread of Christianity, any positive associations with nudity were replaced with concepts of sin and shame. In ancient Rome, complete nudity could be a public disgrace, though it could be seen at the public baths or in erotic art. In ancient Greece, nudity became associated with the perfection of the gods.

In modern societies, complete nudity in public became increasingly rare as nakedness became associated with lower status, but the mild Mediterranean climate allowed for a minimum of clothing, and in a number of ancient cultures, the athletic and/or cultist nudity of men and boys was a natural concept. The skills used in their making were later found to be practical as well. The first use of animal skins and cloth may have been as adornment, along with body modification, body painting, and jewelry, invented first for other purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult, or prestige. The need to cover the body is associated with human migration out of the tropics into climates where clothes were needed as protection from sun, heat, and dust in the Middle East or from cold and rain in Europe and Asia. Nudity (or near-complete nudity) has traditionally been the social norm for both men and women in hunter-gatherer cultures in warm climates, and it is still common among many indigenous peoples. The use of clothing to cover the body is one of the changes that mark the end of the Neolithic, and the beginning of civilizations. The history of nudity involves social attitudes to nakedness of the human body in different cultures in history.

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